P-Value

Histograms

Pivots

Models

Confidence Intervals

Sample Means

Least Squares

Privacy

Bayes' theorem

Data type

Iteration 

Census

Function (computer programming)

Joins

Chance

Comparing Distributions

A/B Testing

Center and Spread

Correlation

Residuals

Classification

Conditional probability

Tables

Charts

Groups

Conditional (computer programming)

Sampling

Decisions

Causality

Normal distribution

Linear regression

Regression Inference

Classifiers

Data 8: The Foundations of Data Science UC Berkeley Fall 2022 UC Berkeley's course blends inferential thinking, computational thinking, and real-world relevance, offering students hands-on analysis of real-world datasets. It covers critical concepts in computer programming, statistical inference, privacy, and study design. Foundations of Data Science combines three perspectives: inferential thinking, computational thinking, and real-world relevance. Given data arising from some real-world phenomenon, how does one analyze that data so as to understand that phenomenon? The course teaches critical concepts and skills in computer programming and statistical inference, in conjunction with hands-on analysis of real-world datasets, including economic data, document collections, geographical data, and social networks. It also delves into social issues surrounding data analysis such as privacy and study design.  This course does not have any prerequisites beyond high-school algebra. The curriculum and format is designed specifically for students who have not previously taken statistics or computer science courses. Students with some prior experience in either statistics or computing are welcome to enroll and will find much of interest due to the innovative nature of the course. Students who have taken several statistics or computer science courses should instead take a more advanced course. Our primary text is an online book called [Computational and Inferential Thinking: The Foundations of Data Science](http://inferentialthinking.com/). This text was written for the course by the course instructors. A complete PDF of the textbook can be found in the Student Materials Google Drive.

The computing platform for the course is hosted at [data8.datahub.berkeley.edu](file:///Users/jweichert/Desktop/Data%208/data-8.github.io/fa22/data8.datahub.berkeley.edu). Students find it convenient to use their own computer for the course. If you do not have adequate access to a personal computer, we can help you borrow a machine; please contact data8@berkeley.edu.

Data 8: The Foundations of Data Science

Data Science

Counting

Combinatorics

Independence (probability theory)

Random variable

Expectation

Variance

Bernoulli distribution

Binomial distribution

Poisson distribution

Continuous Random Variables

Joint probability distribution

Statistical inference

Beta distribution

Central Limit Theorem

Algorithmic Analysis

Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE)

Maximum A Posteriori (MAP)

Naive Bayes

Logistic Regression

Bootstrapping

CS 109 Probability for Computer Scientists Stanford University Spring 2023 This course offers a thorough understanding of probability theory and its applications in data analysis and machine learning. Prerequisites include CS103, CS106B, and Math 51 or equivalent courses. CS109: Probability for Computer Scientists starts by providing a fundamental grounding in combinatorics, and then quickly moves into the basics of probability theory. We will then cover many essential concepts in probability theory, including common probability distributions, properties of probabilities, and mathematical tools for analyzing probabilities. The last third of the class will focus on data analysis and machine learning as direct applications of probability we've learned in the weeks prior. Read more here to learn what CS109 is all about. This is going to be a great quarter and we are looking forward to the chance to teach you!! After you're finished with CS109, we hope you'll have achieved the following learning goals:

- Reason about situations using probabilities, expectation, and variance.
- Feel comfortable learning about new probability concepts beyond the scope of this class (e.g., through one's own research, studies, or interests).
- Write programs to simulate random experiments and to test experiment hypotheses.
- Understand and implement simple machine learning algorithms like Naive Bayes and Logistic Regression.

## Course Topics

Here are the broad strokes of the course (in approximate order). More information is available on our Schedule page. We cover a very broad set of topics so that you are equipped with the probability and statistics you will see in your future CS studies!

- Counting and probability fundamentals
- Single-dimensional random variables
- Probabilistic models
- Uncertainty theory
- Parameter estimation
- Introduction to machine learning The prerequisites for this course are CS103, CS106B, and Math 51 (or equivalent courses). Probability involves a fair bit of mathematics (set theory, calculus, and familiarity with linear algebra), and we'll be considering several applications of probability in CS that require familiarity with algorithms and data structures covered in CS106B. Here is a quick rundown of some of the mathematical tools from CS103 and Math 51 that we'll be using in this class: multivariate calculus (integration and differentiation), linear algebra (basic operations on vectors and matrices), an understanding of the basics of set theory (subsets, complements, unions, intersections, cardinality, etc.), and familiarity with basic proof techniques. We'll also do combinatorics in the class, but we'll be covering a fair bit of that material ourselves in the first week. Past students have managed to take CS106B concurrently with CS109 and have done just fine. CS103 is the pre-requisite that we rely on the least. See our FAQ for more information. ## Optional Textbook

Sheldon Ross, *A First Course in Probability* (10th Ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall, 2018.

This is an optional textbook, meaning that the text is not required material, but students may find Ross offers a different and useful perspective on the important concepts of the class. Suggested, optional reading assignments from the textbook (10th Ed.) are in the schedule on the course website. The 8th, 9th, and 10th editions of the textbook are all fine for this class.

*Borrowing the textbook online*: HathiTrust, a library archive of which Stanford is a member, has granted the university online access to the 8th edition (2010) for the duration of the Fall quarter. The "check out" system works similarly to print reserves: A user can check out the book an hour at a time as long as they are actively using it. Access guidelines are on the [HathiTrust How To Use It webpage](https://www.hathitrust.org/ETAS-How-To). Once you're logged in, the book is at [this link](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006904347).

All students should retain receipts for books and other course-related expenses, as these may be qualified educational expenses for tax purposes. If you are an undergraduate receiving financial aid, you may be eligible for additional financial aid for required books and course materials if these expenses exceed the aid amount in your award letter. For more information, review your award letter or visit the [Student Budget website](https://financialaid.stanford.edu/undergrad/budget/index.html).

CS 109 Probability for Computer Scientists

Mathematical Foundations

P-value

P-Value

2 courses cover this concept

Data 8: The Foundations of Data Science

CS 109 Probability for Computer Scientists